All material provided on these web pages are in accord with Fair Use, Section 107 of the U.S. Copyright Law, and university policy as follows.

Fair Use

Section 107 of the U.S. Copyright Law states that

[T]he fair use of a copyrighted work, . . . by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section [106, exclusive rights of copyright owners], for purposes such as teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright.

Fair use is not an exception to copyright compliance; it is more of a legal defense. It is primarily intended to allow the use of copyright protected works for commentary, parody, news reporting, research, and education. However, not all uses in an academic context are automatically considered fair use. To avoid any legal challenges, follow the guiding principle, "when in doubt, obtain permission-even for print publications."

Determining fair use:

In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use, the factors to be considered shall include:

• The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; Yes.
• The nature of the copyrighted work; All materials were obtained directly from the copyright holder (if any) that made these materials freely available. The materials are provided here for educational purposes only.
• The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; Entire web pages were never copied. Only freely available materials that are directly related to the course contents are made available. and
• The effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. All materials were obtained from copyright holders that made them freely available.